Posted: Tue 17 Nov 2009 05:34 Post subject: Zanzibar and slavery
Quote:
Inconveninet Truth: Zanzibar
Published: 25/07/2009
Inconvenient Truths
Yasmin Alibhai-Brown
I went to Zanzibar in June to make two radio documentaries. Oh lucky me, most readers will say, how wonderful. Increasingly popular with holidaymakers it offers untold pleasures- emerald forests and azure seas, blue skies with playful clouds, palm trees, coffee scented with cardamom, golden beaches, delectable food. They know not the bloodshed and agony that shaped this place. Nothing is as it has been made to seem. There is no innocence here, no easy forgetfulness, not for the inhabitants. They smile and laugh with visitors and try to please them ( and because they are naturally hospitable, it has authenticity) but all the while unsettled scores and untold stories pulsate and throb through the veins of this part of the Tanzanian nation.
History has been buried here, deep in the sands, but never washed away.
I often went to Zanzibar as a child, with my mum who was born in Dares salaam. We would take a crowded ferry and stay at a hostel for poor women and their kids who wanted a subsidised break by the sea. The women in the local mosque provided lunch and we had a wonderful time. The island, a fabulous mix of Arab, African, Indian, Persian cultures and peoples was utterly unlike my racially divided hometown Kampala, Uganda.
Then one day my mum told me about the thousands of black slaves who had been captured in the hinterlands and brought to the island to be sold. She took me to Bagamoyo, the slave port on the mainland – the word means ‘lay down your heart ’. That trade went on from the 7th century to, it is claimed the beginning of the 20th century.
Through early history, enslavement was common around the world and East Africa was just one more lucrative location. But here the abomination went on longer than any other time or place. The traders were mostly Arab though some Indian merchants were actively involved. Those who captured and sold the humans to the businessmen were local African chiefs and henchmen. A febrile young child I was distraught when I learnt that Muslims had perpetuated this evil. How could it be? Prophet Mohammed had freed Bilal, a black slave and asked him to make the first ever call to prayer. Surely that meant something? And as the years went on and we learnt to look back with abhorrence at the practice of owning and exploiting humans, how come there was no acknowledgement of this systemic injustice in Zanzibar?
The questions circled around in my head obsessively when I was a young teen.
Then came 1964 and the island detonated. A revolution led by African soldiers deposed the Sultan, a constitutional monarch. It was, in part, retaliation for slavery by people and upon people who were not responsible. It felt like some ancient God of vengeance had risen from the sea. They slaughtered anyone who looked Arab and some Indians too, took their daughters to rape and use, confiscated their properties and banished many. To this day there is no list of the dead, those tortured and dumped into the sea, the disappeared and the exiles. A few years on, the coup leaders went for Zanzibari Persians, plucked several beautiful young girls of the most affluent families- some as young as fourteen- and forced them into marriage with brutish military men.
Mum and I never went back to our favourite place. Terror spread across all East African countries among Asians who believed they would be next. Idi Amin in 1972 threw us out of Uganda, but we were not subjected to the bloody ethnic massacres of Zanzibaris. Tanzanians celebrate the revolution every year and the important transformations it brought in education and health, but there is no mention of the murders and rapes.
For years I have wanted to reveal these veiled stories. After many years of trying to persuade commissioning editors, I finally was given that opportunity by the Heart and Sould strand on BBC World Service. Even before we left there was nervousness among academics, writers, fixers and exiles. I could understand the anxiety. Politicians make use of bad history for worse politics and they had done so for decades in Zanzibar.
I’m glad we had the courage to overcome the reservations. I interviewed Leila, 99, whose grand parents were enslaved. She could not forget the babies she said, her father’s siblings, one still being breastfed, who were thrown into the forests. When we turned the tape off, her eyes glazed over and she threw up blood all over her lovely satin dress and me and might have died since. There is a memorial to the slaves now, near the church built by Christians who raise praise for the anti-slavery campaigner David Livingstone. We saw holding caves near a beach where, it is alleged human cargo was till smuggled until the 1920s. I discovered that people in my own Shia community were made huge profits selling and buying people and also that one of them, the richest Sir Tharia Topan became a passionate abolitionist. Europeans were also involved and the African suppliers. Yet they blame only Arabs, a travesty. There were fascinating differences between Atlantic and East African slavery. The latter allowed the children of master and slave to become part of the family and to rise to power. But the bitterness is the same.
The revolution was, some said, payback. But when we met the victims, some of whom had lost so many relatives or were still seeking them, that justification felt like an excuse. Those who knew the violated and stolen girls cried as they spoke. They were taking risks talking to us, but it was time they said. I spoke to many in Swahili and one of them witnessed the gutters running with Arab and Indian blood, ‘like that of chickens slaughtered for Eid festivities’.
For me going back was a live lesson on the potency and fear of the whole historical truth. Those of Arab descent feel too defensive about the slave trade and want to focus on the revolution; Africans dwell on the trade and expect no mention of the barbaric acts of the revolutionaries.
Zanzibar is picking up- our leader the Aga Khan has just spent millions restoring the old Arab garden and main square. Zanzibaris are taking pride in their island once more. But I am apprehensive that it could all go wrong again because too much is unresolved. There will not be real, deep healing between the citizens of various ethnicities until everyone talks more honestly about past injustices. Without that paradise is but an illusion.
Return to Zanzibar on the BBC World Service 25h and 26th of July
Through early history, enslavement was common around the world and East Africa was just one more lucrative location. But here the abomination went on longer than any other time or place. The traders were mostly Arab though some Indian merchants were actively involved. Those who captured and sold the humans to the businessmen were local African chiefs and henchmen. A febrile young child I was distraught when I learnt that Muslims had perpetuated this evil. How could it be? Prophet Mohammed had freed Bilal, a black slave and asked him to make the first ever call to prayer. Surely that meant something? And as the years went on and we learnt to look back with abhorrence at the practice of owning and exploiting humans, how come there was no acknowledgement of this systemic injustice in Zanzibar?
The questions circled around in my head obsessively when I was a young teen.
Then came 1964 and the island detonated. A revolution led by African soldiers deposed the Sultan, a constitutional monarch. It was, in part, retaliation for slavery by people and upon people who were not responsible. It felt like some ancient God of vengeance had risen from the sea. They slaughtered anyone who looked Arab and some Indians too, took their daughters to rape and use, confiscated their properties and banished many. To this day there is no list of the dead, those tortured and dumped into the sea, the disappeared and the exiles. A few years on, the coup leaders went for Zanzibari Persians, plucked several beautiful young girls of the most affluent families- some as young as fourteen- and forced them into marriage with brutish military men.
Mum and I never went back to our favourite place. Terror spread across all East African countries among Asians who believed they would be next. Idi Amin in 1972 threw us out of Uganda, but we were not subjected to the bloody ethnic massacres of Zanzibaris. Tanzanians celebrate the revolution every year and the important transformations it brought in education and health, but there is no mention of the murders and rapes.
So much for People of Color solidarity....And they were mostly Muslim to boot.
For those who are interested, the controversial Italian documentary film, "Africa Addio", has an aerial scene filmed on Zanzibar that depicts an actual massacre of Arabs by Africans.
I suspect the Arabs, like the Iberians in the New World, intermarried extensively with the local population. It's likely that many Bantu and Arab families were interrelated in some way. I wonder if you had cases of cousins killing cousins back then.
I suspect the Arabs, like the Iberians in the New World, intermarried extensively with the local population. It's likely that many Bantu and Arab families were interrelated in some way. I wonder if you had cases of cousins killing cousins back then.
THere was intermarriage but the results, like in the nonHispanic Caribbean, have adopted an identity which separates them from the non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans. More of an Arabized identity. Hence the hatreds.
the results, like in the nonHispanic Caribbean, have adopted an identity which separates them from the non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans.
Are you implying that Hispanic Caribbeans have NOT "adopted an identity that separates them from the non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans"? It might be clearer to say, "like everyone on earth outside of Africa (except some A-As), they have adopted an identity that separates them from non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans."
the results, like in the nonHispanic Caribbean, have adopted an identity which separates them from the non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans.
Are you implying that Hispanic Caribbeans have NOT "adopted an identity that separates them from the non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans"? It might be clearer to say, "like everyone on earth outside of Africa (except some A-As), they have adopted an identity that separates them from non mixed (or minimally mixed) Africans."
I was under the impression that th Hispanic Caribbean represented a continuum between blancos and negros with weak group or ethnopolitical identity outside of th old elites. So the notion of intra group struggle (except to some degree in Cuba where some black/mulato group solidaity might exist, exactly to what extent I will not debate) was unlikely.
The mulatos of Haiti and the "browns" of Jamaica as an example have (may be weakening now) sharp identities differentiating them from "whites" or "blacks" as defined in those societies. Tensions between the "blacks" and the "browns" of both Haiti and Jamaica have bene a historical fact, and might exist to a leseer degree even today. Seeing themselves as sharply differentiated groups, though the exact boundaries as spiral said, arent always clear.
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