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Prehistoric Migrations. Loading...
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== E5-01 1.5 3.0
Humans first appeared on earth about 160 millennia ago. Our species arose on the eastern slopes of the Great Rift Valley in Africa.
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== E5-02 1.5 3.0
By 135 millennia ago humans had split into four groups. One group went south to the Cape of Good Hope. The second group went south-west the Congo basin. The third went to the Ivory Coast. The fourth went north-east to Somalia.
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== E5-03 1.5 3.0
By 115 millenia ago some of the descendants of the Somalia group had travelled down the Nile to the Mediterranean and crossed Suez to what is today Israel.
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== E5-04 1.5 3.0
By 90 millennia ago the group that made it to Israel died out. An ice age had turned the area (and the Sahara) into uninhabitable desert. Later, Neandertals moved in and occupied the abandoned dwellings.
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== E5-05 1.5 3.0
Around 80 millennia ago another group from Ethiopia crossed the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb to the Arabian peninsula.
Their descendants eventually colonized the rest of the planet. All non-Africans today descend from that small band.
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== E5-06 1.5 3.0
Humans then migrated eastwards along the water's edge of Asia, reaching the coast of southern China by about 74 millennia ago.
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== E5-07 1.5 3.0
Mt. Toba in Sumatra exploded 74 millennia ago, wiping out almost all life in southern Asia. It buried India under a layer of ash 18 feet deep. The nuclear winter caused an ice age that nearly made the human species extinct. 
Only about 10,000 humans survived the cataclysm.
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== E5-08 1.5 3.0
Over the next 10 millennia the descendants of Toba survivors crossed by boat to Australia and New Guinea. Others continued northwards along the coast of China.
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== E5-09 1.5 3.0
By 50 millennia ago, humans reached southern Australia. In the west they had managed to rejoin the two branches that had been separated by Toba. One group then moved north from Pakistan and Afghanistan into Turkey.
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== E5-10 1.5 3.0
By 45 millennia ago, a group reached southern Europe, migrating westwards all the way to Spain, and confronting Neandertals, who had been in Europe for hundreds of millennia before. Tasmania was also colonized at this time.
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== E5-11 1.5 3.0
By 40 millennia ago, central Asia and Japan were colonized, and a group from Turkey had migrated back into Africa.
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== E5-12 1.5 3.0
By 25 millennia ago, Siberia was colonized all the way north to the Arctic Ocean and east to the Bering Straits.
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== E5-13 1.5 3.0
Around 22 millennia ago an ice age drove humans from northern Sibera. It also opened a land bridge to the New World. Humans migrated eastward to the Chesapeake.
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== E5-14 1.5 3.0
As the glaciers spread southwards from the pole, humans were driven out of Europe, northern Asia, and Canada, except for a few small pockets called "refugia," where they managed to survive the cold.
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== E5-15 1.5 3.0
While the northern hemisphere was locked in ice, inhabitants of the New World continued to colonize southwards, reaching the coast of Brazil about 15 millennia ago.
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== E5-16 1.5 3.0
The ice began to melt 15 millennia ago and, by 12 millennia ago Native Americans had reach the southern tip of South America. Due to sea-level rise, the New World was now genetically isolated from the old.
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== E5-17 1.5 3.0
By 10 millenia ago, the glaciers had melted enough to allow re-colonization of Canada.
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== E5-18 1.5 3.0
With the invention of agriculture 9 millennia ago, humans spread to every corner of the globe.
Agriculture was invented almost simultaneously in the fertile crescent (wheat), Cameroon (sorghum), China (rice), and Central America (maize).
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== E1-10 1.49 3.03 (Indo-European Expansions)
Indo-European Expansions drove an east-to-west wedge of agriculturalists into Europe, leaving pockets of prior peoples in the Pyrenees (Basques) and Finland (Saami).
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== E5-19 2.18 2.06 (Bantu Expansions)
Bantu Expansions drove a west-to-east wedge of agriculturalists into Africa, leaving pockets of prior peoples in the Kalahari (Khoi-San) and Ethiopia (Oromo).
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/
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== E5-99 1.5 3.0
The End